Saturday, November 10, 2012

Communications Policy Challenges for Obama - Technology Review

TV broadcasters and the military have lots of prime spectrum, and the battle over how any of it gets redistributed to wireless companies to feed the data demands of smartphone and tablet owners will be a key part of the communications policy landscape in the second term of the Obama administration.?

So too is the possibility that President Obama will sign an executive order for his agencies to make sure the sectors they regulate--especially energy and communications companies--are better protected against cyber threats, including potentially disastrous attacks by botnets, or gangs of remotely controlled infected computers.

On the first point, the U.S. Federal Communications Commision?has started designing new auctions that would compensate broadcasters that are willing to hand over their licenses,?but broadcasters are reluctant to hand any spectrum over. The New York Times today?blogged?on?this topic, and also the lawsuits the commission faces over its requirements that carriers support roaming and treat everybody's bits equally -- a concept known as "net neutrality."

On the cyberthreat landscape, I spoke yesterday with Melissa Hathaway, who served briefly as the White House cyberczar at the beginning of Obama's first term and is now a consultant. ?She says that in recent years some 80 bills in some way touched on cybersecurity, but none became law. ?Two months ago, reports surfaced that Obama would issue an executive order aimed at strengthening cyber protections of critical infrastructure. ?A draft leaked out; it highlighted the need to protect the energy and communications sectors and talked vaguely about creating an "information exchange framework" so that private companies and government agencies could learn about emerging threats more rapidly. It's not clear what's being considered today, but Hathaway predicted President Obama would sign an executive order before the year is out.

If any order translates into new regulations, it could mean new headaches for all sectors that have to deal both with increasing cyber threats and with increasing efforts by policymakers to somehow stay on top of those threats.

Source: http://www.technologyreview.com/view/507231/communications-policy-challenges-for-obama/

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Jason Brock Explains His 'X Factor' Signoff 'For The Gays And Japan'

'I love Japan, because my boyfriend is Japanese and lives in Japan, and even before him, I always loved Japan,' latest castoff tells MTV News.
By Cory Midgarden, with reporting by David Fleming


Jason Brock
Photo: MTV News

Source: http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1697089/x-factor-jason-brock.jhtml

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Friday, November 9, 2012

Even yeast mothers sacrifice all for their babies

Friday, November 9, 2012

A mother's willingness to sacrifice her own health and safety for the sake of her children is a common narrative across cultures ? and by no means unique to humans alone. Female polar bears starve, dolphin mothers stop sleeping and some spider moms give themselves as lunch for their crawly babies' first meal.

Now an unexpected discovery at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) shows that even yeast "mothers" do it, giving all to their offspring ? even at the cost of their own lives.

As described this week in the journal Science, the UCSF scientists found that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ensures the health of its budding offspring by pushing essential internal structures known as mitochondria into them.

Mitochondria are the mini powerhouses of living cells, supplying the chemical energy all yeast and higher life forms need to survive. Like all cellular life, yeast need these structures to survive. In the new paper, the UCSF team describes how yeast cells ferry just the right amount of mitochondria along a network of protein tracks and molecular motors into the young yeastlings, which bud off their mother like mini-me's.

But what surprised the researchers, led by Wallace Marshall, PhD, UCSF associate professor of biochemistry and biophysics and UCSF postdoc Susanne Rafelski, PhD, was how yeast mothers continued to give generous amounts of their mitochondria to their offspring even when it meant hastening their own death.

"The mom will pump in as many as [the bud] needs," said Marshall. "The bud gets more and more as it grows, and mom doesn't get any more."

UCSF, which includes a top-ranked medical center providing patient care and many ongoing clinical studies, also is one of the world's leading institutions pursuing fundamental research in basic biomedical fields, including molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, biophysics and genetics ? work that offers insight into the ways normal cells function and what sometimes goes wrong in diseases such as cancer, AIDS, diabetes, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's.

How Cells Divide

The classic picture of cell division ? a process known as mitosis ? is an even splitting whereby one cell gives birth to two identical copies. Scientists have always reasoned that during this classic division, the mitochondria were likewise evenly split ? the same way that both sides of a pepperoni pizza cut in two would have half the toppings.

But not all cells divide evenly. Human stem cells, for instance, often divide into two cells that look and behave very differently. Some cancer cells do this as well. There is a growing sense in the biomedical field, Marshall said, that understanding how a cell moves its mitochondria around during such uneven divisions may hold some of the clues to understanding aspects of stem cell or cancer biology.

Working with yeast, the UCSF team developed sophisticated microscope and computer techniques that allowed them to track the movement of mitochondria within cells. If these structures had divided randomly, they would expect to find fewer in the bud than in the mother (since the buds are smaller than the mother).

What they found instead was that the yeast mothers gave a consistent amount of mitochondria to their offspring at each generation, and so over time they had fewer and fewer of the organelles themselves. The price they paid to ensure their offspring was healthy was steep: The yeast mothers would eventually give away too many of the mitochondria to survive and begin to die off after 10 generations. By 20 generations, most of the mothers had died.

Mutant forms of yeast, which were much more stingy in giving up their mitochondria, lived much longer.

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The article, Mitochondrial Network Size Scaling in Budding Yeast" by Susanne M. Rafelski, Matheus P. Viana, Yi Zhang, Yee-Hung M. Chan, Kurt S. Thorn, Phoebe Yam, Jennifer C. Fung, Hao Li, Luciano da F. Costa, and Wallace F. Marshall appears in the November 9, 2012 issue of Science. See: http://www.sciencemag.org

University of California - San Francisco: http://www.ucsf.edu

Thanks to University of California - San Francisco for this article.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/125192/Even_yeast_mothers_sacrifice_all_for_their_babies

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